Frederic Gilli Home Page

WORKING PAPERS, PUBLICATIONS

last modified: june 2006

Most of the administrative reports are only available in French. To get the abstracts go to the french version of this page.

Ph.D THESIS

"Location choice of the firms and employment suburbanisation" to get the abstract and some maps, click here

WORKING PAPERS

MODELS, SURVEYS
Vertically linked industries and the monocentric city (Download)
In this paper I study how the relations between the industry and more and more specialized services firms can explain the rise of suburban industrial clusters. I build an urban economics model with two vertically linked sectors. The vertical disintegration liberates the location choice of the industry and the services. Then, the industry clusters that need more land may leave the center (what characterizes the modern city). When the industry is higherly linked to the services it agglomerates around the CBD (what characterizes the post-modern city).
Keywords: urban development, vertical linkages, spatial disintegration, suburbanization, firm location
JEL Classification: L23 - N90 - R12
Discussion:
29th meetings of the European Association for Researches in Industrial Economics, Madrid, 6/09/02
17th meetings of the European Economic Association, Venise, 23/08/02
Submitted to: Annales d'Economie et de Statistiques
Why is central Paris losing jobs (Download) - the latest version is only available in french (Chapitre 8 de la thèse)
Brueckner et alii (1999) have explained urban population pattern through amenities distribution. Based on their model, this paper introduces a productive sector and helps understand employment suburbanization in a new way. Considering how amenities are valued, the 'people follow jobs' vs 'jobs follow people' case is discussed for CBD and hogh-brawn services firms. If they favour natural amenities, they might leave the historical center. A big constraint against that move is that the firm wants to keep its employees who may all live around the center. Despite conventionnal centripetal forces, they can settle in the suburbs before the households. People may than follow the firm in the suburbs.
Discussion:
43rd meetings of the European Regional Science Association, Jyväskylä, 29/08/03
18th meetings of the European Economic Association, Stockholm, 24/08/03
The economics of cities: Technologies, Integration and the labour market, CEPR, Londres, 7/06/03
Journées de l'Association Française de Sciences Economiques, Lille, 26/05/03
Polycentrisme et multipolarisation, Comment comprendre l'évolution des formes urbaines ? (Download)
Discussion:
39th meetings of the Association de Science Régionale de Langue Française, Lyon, 2/09/03
Crise des banlieues, transformation des villes (Download)
Submitted to: Futuribles

EMPIRICS
Nursery Clusters? The case of Greater Paris (Download)
Job relocations and local specialization in Greater Paris
Discussion:
The role of open space and green amenities in the residential move from cities, Dijon, 12/12/05
Estimating the supply of housing in a segmented market: an application to the Ile-de-France region with Sabine Kasmierszack and Stephane Robin (Download)
Employment spread and commuting in the Greater Paris Area (Download)
Over the pas three decades, the Greater Paris Area has been a fast growing metropolitan area and has experienced important advances in its economic and geographic organization. Mostly three changes are to be mentioned. First it moved from an industrial economy to one of the most services oriented in the world (81% of its jobs). Secondly, suburbanisation has been increasing and the metropolitan area is becoming wider and wider. Some edge cities are now more than 80km away from Notre-Dame. Thirdly, the organization of the area has changed as well. The jobs that used to be concentrated mostly in Paris have left for the suburbs and secondary employment center have grown fast. A few SEC have arisen in the immediate vicinity of Paris (La Defense is now the most important CBD in Europe), others in what was once a rich agricultural land (Roissy Airport) or an Impressionnist landscape (Vallée de la Seine and Vallée de l'Oise).
That third phenomenon is the focus of the present paper. As far as employment is concerned, the main question addressed is the consequence of this spread on commuting. Greater Paris has changed. Its economy has changed. The locations and types of jobs have done so, as shown in the first sections.
But when a city such as Paris spreads, the commuting pattern evolves. This paper also shows that in the greater Paris area, employment suburbanization, both clustered and spread, has lead to an increase in the commuting distances in the remote suburbs but to a decrease of the commuting distance in the mid distant suburbs. It also shows different organisations of the employment areas in the eastern and the western part of the urban area.
Discussion:
Cities as social fabric: fragmentation and integration, International Sociological Association - RC21, Paris, 29/06/05
Is Central Paris still that rich? (Download)
From 1975 to 1999, employment in Paris metropolitan area has become more and more decentralized. This deconcentration is almost half spread and half clustered.
Parallel to the sprawl of jobs, the growth of a services oriented economy has led to an increase in sectoral concentration. But there are no clear evidences of a vertical spatial desintegration, because by the same time the places tend to diversify. An explanation might be that the sprawl relies both on endogenous job creations and on job relocations: the relocations tend to increase the specialisation of the clusters but endogenous growth is more diverse and residential.
Key words: Greater Paris, economics of cities, industrial geography, urban geography
submited to: Urban Studies

La concentration spatiale des activités dans le Bassin parisien (Download)
Discussion:
Université du Havre
Modélisation graphique de l'espace francilien (Download in French)

PUBLICATIONS

REVIEWS
La région parisienne entre 1975 et 1999 : une mutation géographique et économique, to be published in Economie et Statistiques (Abstract - Download)
Greater Paris, 1975-1999: A Quite Revolution
Astigmate Statistics and the Evolution of the Economic Geography of Greater Paris in European Journal of Geography, 324 (2005) (Abstract, Text)
The economic geography of greater Paris has experienced important changes in the last 25 years. The increase in both services and high-tech jobs has obviously had consequences on the employment location. Such changes might affect the way data and statistics help to understand the region. They might not be as accurate in the end of the period as they were at the beginning. Hence the data that were available between 1975 and 1990 seemed to reveal a dramatic evolution for the eastern part of the urban area. A new analysis made on the same data but coded in a different way (thanks to a new nomenclature) tends to tell another story. Both eastern and western parts have evolved, but the former data were able to reveal only a part of the changes. And that part concerned mostly the jobs concentrated in the western part. So it missed the changes of the east.
Key words: cities, data mining, geographic information systems (gis), industrial geography, Paris, urban geography
Regional Integration The case of Greater Paris in European Journal of Geography, 305 (04-2005) (Abstract, Text) - an english version will be available soon)
The Greater Paris area has a direct influence over its administrative boundaries. The commuting pattern shows people crossing the entire Parisian Basin. The industrial pattern shows a vast and complex organisation made of functional and sectoral complementarities : companies are spread over the basin, places are specialized, activites are concentrated,…
Of course, each area has very particular relations with Paris. But some of the most dynamic areas take an active part in the globalisation of the economy and do that on their own. Hence the Parisian basin is less and less hierarchical. Peripheral region take advantage of their proximity to Paris to attract Global Firms and to develop activities that are not dynamic in Paris.
Key words: centrality, cities, regional planning, urban geography, urban growth, Paris
Les modèles urbains en économie et géographie. Approche comparée, in L' Espace Geographique, 31,4. (2002), pp 289-306. (link)
This paper has been issued out of my graduate paper (download)
Whatever the society, the huge densities of people and activities in the cities give some purely urban characteristics to such concentrations. Therefore, the development of urban studies in almost all the social sciences is not a surprise. We focus on the way geographers and economists manage this situation. It is striking that microeconomists consider city more as a space than something within the space. An explanation can be sought in the way theoretical space is built: whereas an economist seeks an equilibrium, a geographer (as a space analyst) is more preoccupied by the way places interact. An economic analysis of places depicts the set of activities without taking care of the places. In a Geographical one there is somehow a quality of the place that creates something new. Considering this, economists’ job ends when all the places are built, that is to say when geographer’s one begins. Indeed, space analysis seems to host both the holist and the individualist conception of Society.
Key words : epistemology / theoretical approach / urban studies / microeconomics
Déplacements domicile-travail et organisation du Bassin parisien, in L' Espace Geographique, 30,2. (2001), pp 165-178. (link)
In a region changing as fast as Greater Paris, particularly the edge of the metropolitan area, the figures from the last census may answer some interesting questions. Is the conurbation expanding? Is the city evolving towards a monocentric or a polycentric configuration? We look at commuting in the whole Parisian basin in order to understand how the huge metropolitan area interacts with its immediate surrounding area and with the other cities in the basin. The past decade has seen an amplification of a trend that emerged in the early 1980s: the city continues to spread, but it is now extending to larger urban centres. There seems to be a reorganisation of the edge of the metropolitan area around these secondary centres, which is producing two kinds of fringe. The first, the closest to Paris, has simply become part of the metropolitan area. Most of its residents and workers now live and work in the urban area and a hierarchy is emerging between these centres. The second is not yet part of the metropolitan area, even if many of its residents are commuting to the city. This pattern is common around Paris. It is observed in almost all the large cities of the basin. The regional metropolitan centres attract and shape the region they belong to, while developing increasing links with Paris. Since there are few cross-links between the different regions of the Parisian basin, it still has a monocentric configuration: Paris interacts with all the main cities of the regions surrounding the capital region, while these cities shape their local areas.
Key words: Commuting, Edge Cities, Greater Paris, Metropolisation, Urban Systems

CHAPTERS IN BOOKS
Le besoin en logement des territoires vieillissants : un problème pour les jeunes ?, to be published
Housing in ageing places: What about young peoples?
Vingt ans de politique du logement (dépenses de l’Etat), to be published in Données Sociales
1980-2000: How is Doing the French Housing Policy?
Les franges de la région urbaine de Paris, quelle recomposition, quelle intégration ?, to be published
Employment spread and commuting in Paris suburban Area

OTHERS
Retour sur quelques évolutions récentes des dépenses des ménages en faveur du logement in Analyses Economiques, 68 (2005) (Download)
The dynamics of Housing expenditures in France
Région parisienne : 25 ans d’évolution de l’emploi in Urbanisme, 333, (2003) (link)
Greater Paris Area: 25 years of changing activities
Plaidoyer pour les villes avant-postes in Urbanisme, 333 (2003) (link)
A pledge for Paris historical edge-cities
Intégration économique et spécialisation des espaces dans le Bassin parisien in Insee Picardie Relais, 113 (2003) (Download on Insee website or directly)
Economic integration and local specialisation in the Parisian Basin
Le Bassin parisien, espace cohérent autour d'une vaste région urbaine in Insee Picardie Relais, 112 (2003) (Download on Insee website or directly)
The Parisian Basin. An urban area and an economic region

REPORTS

Le desserrement de l'emploi dans la Région Urbaine de Paris, 1975-1999, Insee-DREIF (2004),
Download (entire report, official website) / Download Summary (500ko)
To get the table of contents, click here
Des espaces spécialisés dans le Bassin parisien, INsee-MIIAT (2004), 152 pages (Download on the Insee Website or direclty)
- Annex 1 (La filière agro-alimentaire dans le Bassin parisien)
- Annex 2 (La filière portuaire dans le Bassin parisien)
- Annex 3 (La filière automobile dans le Bassin parisien)
- Annex 4 (La filière chimique dans le Bassin parisien)
- Annex 5 (La filière NTIC dans le Bassin parisien)
La localisation des filières industrielles dans le bassin parisien, au vu des contraintes internationales (executive summary available in French - Download)
Reports for the DATAR (link)
-Esquisse du système migratoire du grand Bassin parisien, Annexe à la Contribution de l’Etat à de nouveaux enjeux interrégionaux, Le Bassin parisien, Documentation Française (2002) p227-267 - Download (8,7Mo)
-Essai de caractérisation de l’espace industriel du Bassin parisien, Annexe à la Contribution de l’Etat à de nouveaux enjeux interrégionaux, Le Bassin parisien, Documentation Française (2002) p117-182 - Download (1,5Mo)

La picardie dans une région métropolitaine, le Bassin parisien Introduction à La Picardie et ses zones d'emploi (2002) p1-17 (Download on Insee website or directly)

	Ph.D THESIS "Location choice of the firms and employment suburbanisation" to get the abstract and some maps, click here

	WORKING PAPERS MODELS, SURVEYS Vertically linked industries and the monocentric city (Download) In this paper I study how the relations between the industry and more and more specialized services firms can explain the rise of suburban industrial clusters. I build an urban economics model with two vertically linked sectors. The vertical disintegration liberates the location choice of the industry and the services. Then, the industry clusters that need more land may leave the center (what characterizes the modern city). When the industry is higherly linked to the services it agglomerates around the CBD (what characterizes the post-modern city). Keywords: urban development, vertical linkages, spatial disintegration, suburbanization, firm location JEL Classification: L23 - N90 - R12 Discussion: 29th meetings of the European Association for Researches in Industrial Economics, Madrid, 6/09/02 17th meetings of the European Economic Association, Venise, 23/08/02 Submitted to: Annales d'Economie et de Statistiques Why is central Paris losing jobs (Download) - the latest version is only available in french (Chapitre 8 de la thèse) Brueckner et alii (1999) have explained urban population pattern through amenities distribution. Based on their model, this paper introduces a productive sector and helps understand employment suburbanization in a new way. Considering how amenities are valued, the 'people follow jobs' vs 'jobs follow people' case is discussed for CBD and hogh-brawn services firms. If they favour natural amenities, they might leave the historical center. A big constraint against that move is that the firm wants to keep its employees who may all live around the center. Despite conventionnal centripetal forces, they can settle in the suburbs before the households. People may than follow the firm in the suburbs. Discussion: 43rd meetings of the European Regional Science Association, Jyväskylä, 29/08/03 18th meetings of the European Economic Association, Stockholm, 24/08/03 The economics of cities: Technologies, Integration and the labour market, CEPR, Londres, 7/06/03 Journées de l'Association Française de Sciences Economiques, Lille, 26/05/03 Polycentrisme et multipolarisation, Comment comprendre l'évolution des formes urbaines ? (Download) Discussion: 39th meetings of the Association de Science Régionale de Langue Française, Lyon, 2/09/03 Crise des banlieues, transformation des villes (Download) Submitted to: Futuribles EMPIRICS Nursery Clusters? The case of Greater Paris (Download) Job relocations and local specialization in Greater Paris Discussion: The role of open space and green amenities in the residential move from cities, Dijon, 12/12/05 Estimating the supply of housing in a segmented market: an application to the Ile-de-France region with Sabine Kasmierszack and Stephane Robin (Download) Employment spread and commuting in the Greater Paris Area (Download) Over the pas three decades, the Greater Paris Area has been a fast growing metropolitan area and has experienced important advances in its economic and geographic organization. Mostly three changes are to be mentioned. First it moved from an industrial economy to one of the most services oriented in the world (81% of its jobs). Secondly, suburbanisation has been increasing and the metropolitan area is becoming wider and wider. Some edge cities are now more than 80km away from Notre-Dame. Thirdly, the organization of the area has changed as well. The jobs that used to be concentrated mostly in Paris have left for the suburbs and secondary employment center have grown fast. A few SEC have arisen in the immediate vicinity of Paris (La Defense is now the most important CBD in Europe), others in what was once a rich agricultural land (Roissy Airport) or an Impressionnist landscape (Vallée de la Seine and Vallée de l'Oise). That third phenomenon is the focus of the present paper. As far as employment is concerned, the main question addressed is the consequence of this spread on commuting. Greater Paris has changed. Its economy has changed. The locations and types of jobs have done so, as shown in the first sections. But when a city such as Paris spreads, the commuting pattern evolves. This paper also shows that in the greater Paris area, employment suburbanization, both clustered and spread, has lead to an increase in the commuting distances in the remote suburbs but to a decrease of the commuting distance in the mid distant suburbs. It also shows different organisations of the employment areas in the eastern and the western part of the urban area. Discussion: Cities as social fabric: fragmentation and integration, International Sociological Association - RC21, Paris, 29/06/05 Is Central Paris still that rich? (Download) From 1975 to 1999, employment in Paris metropolitan area has become more and more decentralized. This deconcentration is almost half spread and half clustered. Parallel to the sprawl of jobs, the growth of a services oriented economy has led to an increase in sectoral concentration. But there are no clear evidences of a vertical spatial desintegration, because by the same time the places tend to diversify. An explanation might be that the sprawl relies both on endogenous job creations and on job relocations: the relocations tend to increase the specialisation of the clusters but endogenous growth is more diverse and residential. Key words: Greater Paris, economics of cities, industrial geography, urban geography submited to: Urban Studies La concentration spatiale des activités dans le Bassin parisien (Download) Discussion: Université du Havre Modélisation graphique de l'espace francilien (Download in French)

	PUBLICATIONS REVIEWS La région parisienne entre 1975 et 1999 : une mutation géographique et économique, to be published in Economie et Statistiques (Abstract - Download) Greater Paris, 1975-1999: A Quite Revolution Astigmate Statistics and the Evolution of the Economic Geography of Greater Paris in European Journal of Geography, 324 (2005) (Abstract, Text) The economic geography of greater Paris has experienced important changes in the last 25 years. The increase in both services and high-tech jobs has obviously had consequences on the employment location. Such changes might affect the way data and statistics help to understand the region. They might not be as accurate in the end of the period as they were at the beginning. Hence the data that were available between 1975 and 1990 seemed to reveal a dramatic evolution for the eastern part of the urban area. A new analysis made on the same data but coded in a different way (thanks to a new nomenclature) tends to tell another story. Both eastern and western parts have evolved, but the former data were able to reveal only a part of the changes. And that part concerned mostly the jobs concentrated in the western part. So it missed the changes of the east. Key words: cities, data mining, geographic information systems (gis), industrial geography, Paris, urban geography Regional Integration The case of Greater Paris in European Journal of Geography, 305 (04-2005) (Abstract, Text) - an english version will be available soon) The Greater Paris area has a direct influence over its administrative boundaries. The commuting pattern shows people crossing the entire Parisian Basin. The industrial pattern shows a vast and complex organisation made of functional and sectoral complementarities : companies are spread over the basin, places are specialized, activites are concentrated,… Of course, each area has very particular relations with Paris. But some of the most dynamic areas take an active part in the globalisation of the economy and do that on their own. Hence the Parisian basin is less and less hierarchical. Peripheral region take advantage of their proximity to Paris to attract Global Firms and to develop activities that are not dynamic in Paris. Key words: centrality, cities, regional planning, urban geography, urban growth, Paris Les modèles urbains en économie et géographie. Approche comparée, in L' Espace Geographique, 31,4. (2002), pp 289-306. (link) This paper has been issued out of my graduate paper (download) Whatever the society, the huge densities of people and activities in the cities give some purely urban characteristics to such concentrations. Therefore, the development of urban studies in almost all the social sciences is not a surprise. We focus on the way geographers and economists manage this situation. It is striking that microeconomists consider city more as a space than something within the space. An explanation can be sought in the way theoretical space is built: whereas an economist seeks an equilibrium, a geographer (as a space analyst) is more preoccupied by the way places interact. An economic analysis of places depicts the set of activities without taking care of the places. In a Geographical one there is somehow a quality of the place that creates something new. Considering this, economists’ job ends when all the places are built, that is to say when geographer’s one begins. Indeed, space analysis seems to host both the holist and the individualist conception of Society. Key words : epistemology / theoretical approach / urban studies / microeconomics Déplacements domicile-travail et organisation du Bassin parisien, in L' Espace Geographique, 30,2. (2001), pp 165-178. (link) In a region changing as fast as Greater Paris, particularly the edge of the metropolitan area, the figures from the last census may answer some interesting questions. Is the conurbation expanding? Is the city evolving towards a monocentric or a polycentric configuration? We look at commuting in the whole Parisian basin in order to understand how the huge metropolitan area interacts with its immediate surrounding area and with the other cities in the basin. The past decade has seen an amplification of a trend that emerged in the early 1980s: the city continues to spread, but it is now extending to larger urban centres. There seems to be a reorganisation of the edge of the metropolitan area around these secondary centres, which is producing two kinds of fringe. The first, the closest to Paris, has simply become part of the metropolitan area. Most of its residents and workers now live and work in the urban area and a hierarchy is emerging between these centres. The second is not yet part of the metropolitan area, even if many of its residents are commuting to the city. This pattern is common around Paris. It is observed in almost all the large cities of the basin. The regional metropolitan centres attract and shape the region they belong to, while developing increasing links with Paris. Since there are few cross-links between the different regions of the Parisian basin, it still has a monocentric configuration: Paris interacts with all the main cities of the regions surrounding the capital region, while these cities shape their local areas. Key words: Commuting, Edge Cities, Greater Paris, Metropolisation, Urban Systems CHAPTERS IN BOOKS Le besoin en logement des territoires vieillissants : un problème pour les jeunes ?, to be published Housing in ageing places: What about young peoples? Vingt ans de politique du logement (dépenses de l’Etat), to be published in Données Sociales 1980-2000: How is Doing the French Housing Policy? Les franges de la région urbaine de Paris, quelle recomposition, quelle intégration ?, to be published Employment spread and commuting in Paris suburban Area OTHERS Retour sur quelques évolutions récentes des dépenses des ménages en faveur du logement in Analyses Economiques, 68 (2005) (Download) The dynamics of Housing expenditures in France Région parisienne : 25 ans d’évolution de l’emploi in Urbanisme, 333, (2003) (link) Greater Paris Area: 25 years of changing activities Plaidoyer pour les villes avant-postes in Urbanisme, 333 (2003) (link) A pledge for Paris historical edge-cities Intégration économique et spécialisation des espaces dans le Bassin parisien in Insee Picardie Relais, 113 (2003) (Download on Insee website or directly) Economic integration and local specialisation in the Parisian Basin Le Bassin parisien, espace cohérent autour d'une vaste région urbaine in Insee Picardie Relais, 112 (2003) (Download on Insee website or directly) The Parisian Basin. An urban area and an economic region
	REPORTS Le desserrement de l'emploi dans la Région Urbaine de Paris, 1975-1999, Insee-DREIF (2004), Download (entire report, official website) / Download Summary (500ko) To get the table of contents, click here Des espaces spécialisés dans le Bassin parisien, INsee-MIIAT (2004), 152 pages (Download on the Insee Website or direclty) - Annex 1 (La filière agro-alimentaire dans le Bassin parisien) - Annex 2 (La filière portuaire dans le Bassin parisien) - Annex 3 (La filière automobile dans le Bassin parisien) - Annex 4 (La filière chimique dans le Bassin parisien) - Annex 5 (La filière NTIC dans le Bassin parisien) La localisation des filières industrielles dans le bassin parisien, au vu des contraintes internationales (executive summary available in French - Download) Reports for the DATAR (link) -Esquisse du système migratoire du grand Bassin parisien, Annexe à la Contribution de l’Etat à de nouveaux enjeux interrégionaux, Le Bassin parisien, Documentation Française (2002) p227-267 - Download (8,7Mo) -Essai de caractérisation de l’espace industriel du Bassin parisien, Annexe à la Contribution de l’Etat à de nouveaux enjeux interrégionaux, Le Bassin parisien, Documentation Française (2002) p117-182 - Download (1,5Mo) La picardie dans une région métropolitaine, le Bassin parisien Introduction à La Picardie et ses zones d'emploi (2002) p1-17 (Download on Insee website or directly)